Boxes and Rules Terminology
The \rule command in normal use produces a simple black box, vertical and horizontal lines.
\rule[raise]{width}{thickness}
The parameter thickness determines the height, whereas width determines the width of the produced rule. With the optional parameter raise, you can optionally raise or lower the produced rule above or below the baseline.
The \hrulefill command produces a stretched rules, which work like a stretched horizontal space.
Strut
The \strut command ensure that the current line has height at least 0.7\baselineskip and depth at least 0.3\baselineskip.
Mathstrut
The \mathstrut command adds the vertical height of a mathematics but no horizontal space.
Smash
The \smash command typeset subformula as if its height and depth were zero.
\smash{subformula}
Phantom, Vphantom, Hphantom
The \phantom command creates a box with the same height, depth, and width as subformula , but empty.
\phantom{subformula}
The \vphantom variant produces an invisible box with the same vertical size as subformula, the same height and depth, but having zero width.
\vphantom{subformula}
The \hphantom makes a box with the same width as subformula but with zero height and depth.
\hphantom{subformula}
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